CSS
Last reviewed/updated: 16 Aug 2023 | Published: 08 Jan 2014 | Status: Active
1. Introduction
- Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).
- The web language for styling (i.e., changing the presentation of) content.
- The web language that defines style and the syntax for attaching style to content.
- The web language in which style is attached to content for the purpose of refining the presentation of content.
- The web page content presentation language.
- Basic unit: style rule. Syntax:
selector { property: value }
.
2. Original Content
- CSS Tutorial (learnwebcoding.com)
- Web Browser Support For CSS Selectors, Styles, Properties, Values, And Units (learnwebcoding.com)
- How To Override Unwanted CSS Styles (learnwebcoding.com)
- Introduction To The CSS
font-size
Property (learnwebcoding.com) - Select And Compare CSS
font
Property Values Side By Side Online (learnwebcoding.com) - CSS Techniques (learnwebcoding.com)
- CSS Testing Ground (learnwebcoding.com)
- Visualize User Agent Or Bootstrap Styles (learnwebcoding.com)
- Visualize Bootstrap Media Query Viewport Breakpoints (learnwebcoding.com)
- Visualize CSS Style
display: inline
Compared Todisplay: inline-block
(learnwebcoding.com) - Visualize CSS Unit
em
Compared Torem
(learnwebcoding.com) - Do the
ol ol, ol ul, ul ol, ul ul
Descendant Selectors Style All Levels Of Various List Nesting Combinations? (learnwebcoding.com) - Web Browser Support For The HTML
placeholder
Attribute On The Textbox/Textarea Elements And The CSS*placeholder
Selectors On The Textbox/Textarea Selectors: Tests And Results (learnwebcoding.com) - Web Browser Support For The New HTML5 Semantic Elements: Tests And Results (learnwebcoding.com)
- Web Browser Support For The HTML
noscript
Element As A CSS Type Selector And As A Classed Element: Tests And Results (learnwebcoding.com) - Web Browser Support For Miscellaneous CSS Selectors, Styles, Properties, Values, And Units: Tests And Results (learnwebcoding.com)
- HTML Snippet To Be Styled By Font Not Installed On Computer Operating System Gets
font-family
Style From User Agent Default Styles Standard/Default Font Setting, Not By Inheritance Frombody
Style Rule (learnwebcoding.com)
3. Standards
The W3C describes CSS in terms of levels, not versions. For example, the W3C CSS1 Specification describes CSS Level 1, not CSS Version 1. For additional information, see CSS Snapshot 2020: W3C Working Group Note, 22 December 2020 | 2.4. CSS Levels (w3.org).
3.1. W3C CSS Level 1 Recommendations
- Cascading Style Sheets, Level 1: W3C Recommendation 17 Dec 1996, Revised 11 Apr 2008 Superseded On 13 September 2018 (w3.org) (The revisions are errata, not substantive.)
- Cascading Style Sheets, Level 1: W3C Recommendation 17 Dec 1996 (w3.org)
3.2. W3C CSS Level 2 Recommendations/Etc.
3.2.1. W3C CSS Level 2 Recommendations
- Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification: W3C Recommendation 07 June 2011, Edited In Place 12 April 2016 To Point To New Work (w3.org) (Describes the
min-height
,min-width
,line-height
,margin
,padding
, andvertical-align
properties.) - Cascading Style Sheets, Level 2 CSS2 Specification: W3C Recommendation 12-May-1998 (Revised 11 April 2008) (w3.org)
- Cascading Style Sheets, Level 2 CSS2 Specification: W3C Recommendation 12-May-1998 (w3.org)
3.2.2. W3C CSS Level 2 Working Draft
3.3. W3C CSS Level 3 Recommendations/Etc.
3.3.1. W3C CSS Level 3 Recommendations
W3C CSS Level 3 builds on the W3C CSS 2.1 Specification. Seeing an greatly expanded future role for CSS, instead of developing a single monolithic CSS 3 Specification, the W3C decided to split CSS Level 3 into modules. Modules with a CSS 2.1 correlation are named starting at Level 3. Modules without a CSS 2.1 correlation are named starting at Level 1. For additional information, see CSS Snapshot 2020: W3C Working Group Note, 22 December 2020 | 2.4. CSS Levels (w3.org).
- CSS Color Module Level 3: W3C Recommendation 05 August 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Cascading And Inheritance Level 3: W3C Recommendation, 11 February 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Containment Module Level 1: W3C Recommendation, 22 December 2020 (w3.org) (Describes the
contain
property.) - CSS Writing Modes Level 3: W3C Recommendation, 10 December 2019 (w3.org)
- Selectors Level 3: W3C Recommendation 06 November 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Fonts Module Level 3: W3C Recommendation 20 September 2018 (w3.org) (Describes the
font-family
,font-weight
,font-stretch
,font-style
,font-size
,font-size-adjust
,font
, andfont-synthesis
properties.) - CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 3 (CSS3 UI): W3C Recommendation, 21 June 2018 (w3.org) (Describes the
box-sizing
,outline
,outline-width
,outline-style
,outline-color
,outline-offset
,resize
,text-overflow
, andcursor
properties.) - CSS Namespaces Module Level 3: W3C Recommendation 29 September 2011, Edited In Place 20 March 2014 (w3.org)
- CSS Style Attributes: W3C Recommendation 07 November 2013 (w3.org)
- Media Queries: W3C Recommendation 19 June 2012 (w3.org)
3.3.2. W3C CSS Level 3 Candidate Recommendations
- CSS Masking Module Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft, 5 August 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Counter Styles Level 3: W3C Candidate Recommendation Snapshot, 27 July 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Backgrounds And Borders Module Level 3: W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft, 26 July 2021 (w3.org) (Describes the
background-color
,background-image
,background-repeat
,background-attachment
,background-position
,background-clip
,background-origin
,background-size
,background
,border-color
,border-style
,border-width
,border
,border-radius
,border-image
, andbox-shadow
properties.) - CSS Text Module Level 3: W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft, 22 April 2021 (w3.org) (Describes the
text-transform
,white-space
,line-break
,word-break
,word-wrap
,overflow-wrap
,text-align
,text-justify
,word-spacing
,letter-spacing
, andtext-indent
properties.) - CSS Easing Functions Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft, 1 April 2021 (w3.org) (Formerly CSS Timing Functions Level 1.)
- CSS Scroll Snap Module Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation Snapshot, 11 March 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Box Model Module Level 3: W3C Candidate Recommendation Snapshot, 22 December 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Grid Layout Module Level 2: W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft, 18 December 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft, 18 December 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Display Module Level 3: W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft, 18 December 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Images Module Level 3: W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft, 17 December 2020 (w3.org) (Describes the
resolution
value type, theurl()
,image()
,linear-gradient()
,radial-gradient()
,repeating-linear-gradient()
, andrepeating-radial-gradient()
notations, and theobject-fit
,object-position
,image-resolution
, andimage-orientation
properties.) - CSS Conditional Rules Module Level 3: W3C Candidate Recommendation Snapshot, 8 December 2020 (w3.org)
- Media Queries Level 4: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 21 July 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Speech Module: W3C Candidate Recommendation 10 March 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Text Decoration Module Level 3: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 13 August 2019 (w3.org)
- CSS Writing Modes Level 4: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 30 July 2019 (w3.org)
- CSS Syntax Module Level 3: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 16 July 2019 (w3.org)
- CSS Values And Units Module Level 3: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 6 June 2019 (w3.org)
- CSS Transforms Module Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 14 February 2019 (w3.org)
- Geometry Interfaces Module Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 4 December 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Fragmentation Module Level 3: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 4 December 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Flexible Box Layout Module Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 19 November 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Painting API Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 9 August 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Custom Properties For Cascading Variables Module Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 03 December 2015 (w3.org)
- CSS Will Change Module Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 03 December 2015 (w3.org)
- Compositing And Blending Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 13 January 2015 (w3.org)
- CSS Shapes Module Level 1: W3C Candidate Recommendation, 20 March 2014 (w3.org)
3.3.3. W3C CSS Level 3 Working Group Notes
The following CSS Snapshots list the W3C specifications that constitute CSS as of the year specified.
- CSS Snapshot 2020: W3C Working Group Note, 22 December 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Snapshot 2018: W3C Working Group Note, 22 January 2019 (w3.org)
- CSS Snapshot 2017: W3C Working Group Note, 31 January 2017 (w3.org)
- CSS Snapshot 2015: W3C Working Group Note, 13 October 2015 (w3.org)
- CSS Template Layout Module: W3C Working Group Note 26 March 2015 (w3.org)
3.3.4. W3C CSS Level 3 Working Drafts
- CSS Scrollbars Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 5 August 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Fonts Module Level 5: W3C Working Draft, 29 July 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Fonts Module Level 4: W3C Working Draft, 29 July 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Color Module Level 5: W3C Working Draft, 22 July 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Values and Units Module Level 4: W3C Working Draft, 15 July 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Color Adjustment Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 16 June 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Cascading And Inheritance Level 5: W3C Working Draft, 8 June 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Color Module Level 4: W3C Working Draft, 1 June 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Box Sizing Module Level 4: W3C Working Draft, 20 May 2021 (w3.org)
- Web Animations: W3C Working Draft, 18 May 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Cascading And Inheritance Level 4: W3C Working Draft, 19 March 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Box Sizing Module Level 3: W3C Working Draft, 17 March 2021 (w3.org) (Formerly CSS Intrinsic & Extrinsic Sizing Module Level 3.)
- CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 4: W3C Working Draft, 16 March 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Ruby Annotation Layout Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 10 March 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Multi-Column Layout Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 12 February 2021 (w3.org)
- CSS Pseudo-Elements Module Level 4: W3C Working Draft, 31 December 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Containment Module Level 2: W3C Working Draft, 16 December 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Custom Highlight API Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 8 December 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Lists and Counters Module Level 3: W3C Working Draft, 17 November 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Scroll Anchoring Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 11 November 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Inline Layout Module Level 3: W3C Working Draft, 27 August 2020 (w3.org)
- Media Queries Level 5: W3C Working Draft, 31 July 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Overflow Module Level 3: W3C Working Draft, 3 June 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Positioned Layout Module Level 3: W3C Working Draft, 19 May 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Text Decoration Module Level 4: W3C Working Draft, 6 May 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Box Model Module Level 4: W3C First Public Working Draft, 21 April 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Box Alignment Module Level 3: W3C Working Draft, 21 April 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Conditional Rules Module Level 4: W3C First Public Working Draft, 3 March 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Transforms Module Level 2: W3C First Public Working Draft, 3 March 2020 (w3.org)
- Resize Observer: W3C First Public Working Draft, 11 February 2020 (w3.org)
- CSS Spatial Navigation Level 1: W3C Working Draft 26 November 2019 (w3.org)
- CSS Text Module Level 4: W3C Working Draft, 13 November 2019 (w3.org)
- CSS Generated Content Module Level 3: W3C Working Draft, 2 August 2019 (w3.org)
- CSS Table Module Level 3: W3C Working Draft, 27 July 2019 (w3.org) (This spec is not yet ready for implementation.)
- CSS Animation Worklet API: W3C First Public Working Draft, 25 June 2019 (w3.org)
- CSS Overscroll Behavior Module Level 1: W3C First Public Working Draft, 6 June 2019 (w3.org)
- CSS Fragmentation Module Level 4: W3C First Public Working Draft, 18 December 2018 (w3.org)
- Motion Path Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 18 December 2018 (w3.org)
- Filter Effects Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 18 December 2018 (w3.org)
- Selectors Level 4: W3C Working Draft, 21 November 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Shadow Parts: W3C First Public Working Draft, 15 November 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Paged Media Module Level 3: W3C Working Draft, 18 October 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Transitions: W3C Working Draft, 11 October 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Animations Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 11 October 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Logical Properties And Values Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 27 August 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Layout API Level 1: W3C First Public Working Draft, 12 April 2018 (w3.org)
- CSS Overflow Module Level 4: W3C First Public Working Draft, 13 June 2017 (w3.org)
- CSS Fill And Stroke Module Level 3: W3C First Public Working Draft, 13 April 2017 (w3.org)
- CSS Round Display Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 22 December 2016 (w3.org)
- CSS Device Adaptation Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 29 March 2016 (w3.org)
- CSS Object Model (CSSOM): W3C Working Draft, 17 March 2016 (w3.org)
- CSSOM View Module: W3C Working Draft, 17 March 2016 (w3.org)
- CSS Page Floats: W3C First Public Working Draft, 15 September 2015 (w3.org)
- CSS Exclusions Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 15 January 2015 (w3.org)
- CSS Regions Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 9 October 2014 (w3.org)
- CSS Line Grid Module Level 1: W3C Working Draft, 16 September 2014 (w3.org)
- CSS Font Loading Module Level 3: W3C Last Call Working Draft, 22 May 2014 (w3.org)
- CSS Generated Content For Paged Media Module: W3C Working Draft, 13 May 2014 (w3.org)
- CSS Scoping Module Level 1: W3C First Public Working Draft, 3 April 2014 (w3.org)
4. Resources
5. Miscellaneous
- Cascading Style Sheets Working Group (w3.org)
- W3C CSS Validation Service: Check Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) And (X)HTML Documents With Style Sheets (jigsaw.w3.org)
- Sample Style Sheet For HTML 2.0 (w3.org)
- Default Style Sheet For HTML 4.0 (w3.org)
- Internet Explorer User Agent Style Sheets (web.archive.org) (Archived from iecss.com.)
- Reset CSS (meyerweb.com)
- normalize.css (necolas.github.io)
- Less (lesscss.org)
- Sass (sass-lang.com)
- Cascading Style Sheets: Thesis Submitted For The Degree Of Doctor Philosophy, Faculty Of Mathematics And Natural Sciences, University Of Oslo, Norway, 2005 (wiumlie.no) (Hakon Wium Lie) (Comprehensive and verbose review of the history of CSS by one of its inventors.)